可以用液滲檢驗來檢測的產品有碳鋼、低鉻鉬合金鋼、不鏽鋼及雙相鋼管件。
Liquid penetrant testing (LPT) can be used to inspect a variety of products, including carbon steel, low-chromium molybdenum alloy steel, stainless steel, and duplex stainless steel pipes and fittings.
適當檢驗的時機有材料進倉庫時、鍛造後、熱處理後、中間加工後、加工完成後、出貨前檢查、維護檢驗時、特別要求實施時。
Appropriate inspection times include:
Upon receipt of materials into the warehouse
After forging
After heat treatment
After intermediate processing
After completion of processing
Before shipment of products
During maintenance inspections
When specially requested
液滲檢驗可分為螢光液滲檢驗和色比液滲檢驗兩種，螢光液滲檢驗需使用黑光燈，色比液滲檢驗相對較簡單且成本低廉，但靈敏度較低。
Liquid penetrant testing (LPT) can be classified into two types: fluorescent LPT and visible dye LPT. Fluorescent LPT requires the use of a black light, while visible dye LPT is relatively simpler and less expensive, but has lower sensitivity.
滲透劑、顯像劑、清潔劑，應使用同一廠牌的產品，不可混用
Penetrants, developers, and cleaners should be from the same brand and should not be mixed with each other.
可先核對PT材料的材證和檢測液罐底批號一致。
First, verify that the material certificate of the PT material matches the batch number on the bottom of the reagent bottle.
作業流程大略為/The general workflow is as follows:：
須配戴口罩和防護手套，並於通風良好的地點施作，避免於易揮發爆炸物質旁邊。
Wear a mask and protective gloves and perform the procedure in a well-ventilated area, avoiding areas near volatile explosive substances.
檢測區溫度範圍應於攝氏5~52度之間，可先行量測確認。
The temperature range in the detection area should be between 5 and 52 degrees Celsius. It can be measured and confirmed in advance.
一、表面前清潔處理(第二洗淨液噴除去洗潔劑)，被檢物檢測區表面及周圍油汙和其他汙沾。
Pre-cleaning treatment for the surface (spraying with the second cleaning solution to remove the detergent), removing oil stains and other contaminants from the surface and surrounding area of the test area of the object being tested.
(可先用擦拭紙乾擦之後再用洗淨液或去漬油)
二、應完全清潔乾燥
Should be completely clean and dry.
三、施加滲透液：
滲透液可以使用噴、刷、浸方式進行。
Penetrants can be applied using spraying, brushing, or dipping methods.
滲透液須確實均勻覆蓋檢測表面。
The penetrant must be evenly applied to the entire inspection surface.
第一劑使用前鍛件表面溫度應在攝氏16~40度間，使用溫度計量側工件表面溫度確認後再塗抹滲透液在檢測表面。碳鋼摺疊瑕疵須等候7分鐘、裂縫為10分鐘；合金鋼和不銹鋼摺疊瑕疵20分鐘、裂縫20分鐘。
Surface Temperature: Before applying the first penetrant, the surface temperature of the workpiece should be between 16°C and 40°C. Use a thermometer to measure the surface temperature of the workpiece before applying the penetrant to the inspection surface.
Carbon Steel: For folded defects, the dwell time is 7 minutes; for cracks, the dwell time is 10 minutes.
Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel: For folded defects, the dwell time is 20 minutes; for cracks, the dwell time is 20 minutes.
但約等待10分鐘，依鍛件狀況決定
The waiting time is approximately 10 minutes, subject to the condition of the forging.
四、滲透液清除，清除表面剩餘的滲透液，(第二劑洗淨液須完全除去)，避免過度清洗導致瑕疵內的滲透液被洗掉
Remove excess penetrant from the surface. (The second cleaning agent must be completely removed) to prevent excessive cleaning from washing away the penetrant inside the defect.
可直接噴洗淨液於布上(淺色無纖維布料)後擦除。
Apply cleaning solution directly to the cloth and wipe away.
正常程序為使用乾布擦拭後再用去漬油清除滲透液，需擦拭3次左右。
五、乾燥/dry
六、顯影也就是施加第三液顯像劑，用染色浸透探傷劑，多餘的滲透液洗掉後，噴灑顯像劑在檢驗區及周圍，或全部披覆顯像劑，厚度需遮蓋被檢物的顏色
Penetrant development is the process of applying a developer to a penetrant-treated surface to enhance the visibility of surface defects. The developer is typically a liquid or aerosol that is sprayed or applied to the surface after the excess penetrant has been removed. The developer reacts with the penetrant that has seeped into defects, causing it to change color or fluoresce under ultraviolet light. This makes the defects more visible to the inspector.
施加顯像液前須充分搖勻。
Shake the developer thoroughly before application.
可於檢測區外試噴，以控制力道避免噴灑過度或不足。
To ensure a controlled application and prevent over- or under-spraying, a test spray can be performed outside the testing area.
清除滲透液後若有殘留滲透液，則再使用顯影劑包覆紅色區域，若鍛件整隻就有殘留紅色滲透液，則須全部覆蓋為白色。
After removing the penetrant, if there is any residual penetrant, the red areas should be covered with developer again. If the entire workpiece has residual red penetrant, it must be covered completely with white.
碳鋼摺疊瑕疵須等候7分鐘、裂縫為10分鐘；合金鋼和不銹鋼摺疊瑕疵10分鐘、裂縫10分鐘。
The repair time for carbon steel folding defects is 7 minutes, and for cracks is 10 minutes. The repair time for alloy steel and stainless steel folding defects is 10 minutes, and for cracks is 10 minutes.
顯像劑添加後，乾燥方式可用自然乾燥或熱空氣吹乾，注意表面溫度不可超過攝氏50度，且至少5分鐘。
After adding the developer, the specimen can be dried either naturally or with hot air. Note that the surface temperature should not exceed 50°C and the drying time should be at least 5 minutes.
七、檢視
於顯像期間檢視，時間可依狀況調整
Review during visualization, and the time can be adjusted as needed.
八、後清潔處理則為殘留的滲透液可用清潔液或洗淨劑除去，留存於裡面的可以用浸泡方式或超音波溶劑洗淨。
Post-cleaning involves removing residual penetrant using a cleaning agent or detergent. Residual penetrant trapped inside can be removed by soaking or ultrasonic solvent cleaning.
不可使用去漬油清除顯像劑，可使用乾布擦拭乾淨即可。
Do not use stain remover to clean developer. Simply wipe it clean with a dry cloth.
文件化紀錄/Documentation
檢測報告須包含液滲材料的廠牌和型號、材料批號、檢測區照度、被檢區表面溫度、施加滲透液的方式、滲透液駐留時間、顯像時間和報告追溯號碼。
The inspection report shall include the brand and model of the penetrant material, the batch number of the material, the illuminance of the inspection area, the surface temperature of the inspected area, the method of applying the penetrant, the dwell time of the penetrant, the development time, and the report traceability number.
注意事項/Attention
檢視、判斷時需要有適當的照明，可使用白光照度計驗證環境光度，檢測面照度1076lux以上。
Proper lighting is required for inspection and judgment. A white light illuminometer can be used to verify the ambient light level, and the test surface illumination should be at least 1076 lux.
被檢驗鍛面不可有任何顯像，有作業錯誤、難以判定或寬度0.3m/m長度5m/m以內磨平瑕疵後需再檢驗。
The inspected forged surface must not have any indications. If there are any machining errors, defects that are difficult to determine, or defects that are less than 0.3 mm wide and 5 mm long, they must be ground smooth and re-inspected.
線型瑕疵：瑕疵顯示長度為寬度的三倍以上
Linear defect: The defect's displayed length is three times greater than its width.
圓形瑕疵：長度未滿寬度的三倍者
Circular defects: Those with a length less than three times the width
群集形瑕疵：數個瑕疵顯示分布於特定區域
Clustered defects: Multiple defects are located in a specific area.
裂縫瑕疵。
Crack defect
作業環境應通風，探傷劑(顯像劑)不可由容器外漏、避免接觸皮膚(可佩戴防毒口罩和保溫手套)、操作後洗淨雙手、固定儲存、不可於火爐附近使用、需儲存於攝氏40度以下、易燃避免投入火中(空瓶也不可以)。
The working environment should be well-ventilated. The penetrant (developer) should not leak out of the container. Avoid contact with the skin (wear a respirator and insulated gloves). Wash hands after operation. Store in a fixed place. Do not use near a stove. Store below 40 degrees Celsius. Flammable, do not throw into fire (empty bottles are also not allowed).
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