總譜視奏（Score Reading）
總譜視奏是指演奏者能夠閱讀包含多個聲部的樂譜（總譜），並同時理解和演奏出不同聲部的音樂內容。這項能力需要演奏者具備紮實的樂理知識和視譜技巧，能夠辨識樂譜中的調性，並準確地呈現各個聲部的旋律、節奏、力度等音樂記號。
Score reading refers to the ability of a performer to read a musical score containing multiple parts (the full score) and simultaneously understand and perform the musical content of these different parts. This skill requires the performer to possess a solid foundation in music theory and sight-reading techniques, enabling them to identify the key and accurately render the melody, rhythm, dynamics, and other musical markings of each part on their instrument.
總譜視奏中一個重要的概念是對位織體。對位織體指的是音樂的整體結構，由多條獨立且相互協調的旋律線條（即對位旋律）交織而成。
An important concept in score reading is counterpoint texture. Counterpoint texture describes the overall structure of music where multiple independent yet harmonically coordinated melodic lines (known as countermelodies) are interwoven.
以鋼琴為例，鋼琴譜常呈現二聲部，意指樂譜包含兩個獨立的聲部，通常由演奏者的左右手各負責一個聲部。這兩個聲部稱為對位旋律，它們並非主從關係，而是各自獨立的旋律線條同時進行，彼此依存、協調，共同構成音樂的整體，這正是對位織體的核心特徵。
In the case of the piano, sheet music often presents two voices, indicating that the score contains two independent parts, typically played by the performer's left and right hands. These two parts are called countermelodies (Duìwèi Xuánlǜ). They are not in a simple melody-accompaniment relationship; instead, they are two or more independent melodic lines occurring simultaneously, mutually dependent and coordinated, collectively forming the musical whole. This is the core characteristic of counterpoint texture.
鋼琴作為能夠演奏二聲部的樂器，左右手的協調至關重要。演奏二聲部對位旋律時，左右手需要各自獨立地演奏一條旋律線，同時保持彼此的協調，以產生和諧的音樂效果。
As an instrument capable of playing two voices, the piano requires crucial coordination between the left and right hands. When performing two-part counterpoint melodies, each hand needs to independently play its respective melodic line while maintaining coordination with the other to produce a harmonious musical effect.
除了和諧感，演奏者也需要留意樂譜中出現的各種演奏技巧記號，例如斷奏 (Staccato)（短促斷開）、琶音記號 (Arpeggio)（和弦音快速依次彈奏）、跨越小節的結合線 (Tie)（音符時值延續）以及切分音奏 (Syncopation)（重音移位）等。理解這些記號的意義，對於更複雜的總譜視奏至關重要。
Beyond the sense of harmony, performers also need to pay attention to various performance technique markings that appear in the score, such as staccato(short and detached), arpeggio(the notes of a chord played rapidly in succession), tie(extending the duration of a note), and syncopation (displacing the accent). Understanding the meaning of these markings is essential for more complex score reading.
總而言之，鋼琴的二聲部對位旋律練習是學習總譜視奏、理解和演奏多聲部音樂（尤其是對位織體）的基礎。它訓練演奏者同時關注並協調演奏兩個獨立的旋律線條，並處理樂譜中的調性與其他音樂記號。隨著音樂程度的提升，總譜的複雜性也會增加，包含更多聲部以及更複雜的節奏和記號。
In conclusion, the practice of two-part counterpoint melodies on the piano is fundamental to learning score reading and understanding and performing multi-part music, especially counterpoint texture. It trains performers to simultaneously focus on and coordinate the playing of two independent melodic lines while handling the key and other musical markings in the score. As musical proficiency increases, the complexity of scores will also grow, encompassing more parts and more intricate rhythms and markings.
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