要學習英文，文法要打好基礎，下列是針對英文進行的文法整理。
(一)單複數形和型態
名詞和動詞需要根據主詞的單複數進行變化。
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名詞變化
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單數名詞→副數名詞
Cat→Cats
Car→Cars
Book→Books
Dog→Dogs
Tree→Trees
House→Houses
Pen→Pens
Chair→Chairs
Bottle→Bottles
Flower→Flowers
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名詞s,x,ch,sh結尾加es為副數
bus→buses
box→boxes
watch→watches
brush→brushes
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名詞輔音字母+y結尾，去y+ies
baby→babies
city→cities
country→countries
party→parties
lady→ladies
cherry→cherries
story→stories
fly→flies
butterfly→butterflies
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f或fe結尾改成ves
knife→knives
wife→wives
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名詞不規則複數型
child→children
tooth→teeth
man→men
woman→women
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名詞單複數型式相同
sheep羊
fish魚
trout鱒
series系列
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只有單數型式名詞
A.物質名詞(mass nouns)為沒有辦法被數量化的名詞，像是水water、空氣air、米飯rice。
B.抽象名詞(abstract nouns)無法被具體呈現的名詞，像是愛love、希望hope、勇氣courage。
C.集合名詞(collective nouns)，如群group、隊team、家族family
D.形容詞名詞(adjectival nouns)，只用來形容其他名詞的形容詞，像是poor、sick、rich、dead
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只有複數型式的名詞
scissors剪刀
glasses眼鏡
pants褲子
shorts短褲
jeans牛仔褲
tongs夾子
tweezers鑷子
pilers鉗子
binoculars雙筒望遠鏡
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動詞變化
A.一般現在式(Simple Present Tense)，
主詞若是第三人稱單數則動詞加上s或es，可以和時間狀語詞像是Always、often、usually等和頻率副詞(如sometimes,rarely,never)一起使用，以更具體的描述動作頻率和程度
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表示經常性的動作和習慣：
I eat breakfast every morning.(我每天早上吃早餐)
She often reads books.(她經常讀書)
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普遍真理或事實
The sun rises in the east.(太陽從東方升起)
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.(水在攝氏100度沸騰)
Birds fly in the sky.(鳥兒在天空中飛翔)
The Earth revolves around the sun.(地球繞太陽公轉)
Plants need sunlight to grow.(植物需要陽光來成長)
Gravity pulls objects toward the center of the Earth.(重力將物體向地球中心拉動)
The moon orbits around the Earth.(月球繞地球運行)
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表示固定的時間表或日程安排
The train departs at 9AM.(火車在早上9點出發)
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表示現在的狀態或情況
She lives in New York.(她住在紐約)
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表示感覺、意見、信念等
Ibelieve in you.(我相信你)
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B.現在進行式(Present Continouos Tense)
動詞加上ing，其結構主要是由助動詞BE(am/is/are)和動詞的現在分詞形式(-ing)組成，根據主詞的人稱和數量，助動詞的形式也會產生變化
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表示現在正在進行的動作
I am speaking(我正在說話)
They are speaking.(他們正在說話)
I am studying for my exam.(我正在準備考試)
I am watching TV.(我正在看電視)
She is studying at the library.(她正在圖書館學習)
The are playing soccer in the park.(他們正在公園踢足球)
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表示現在的暫時狀態或情況
She is living in London temporarily.(她暫時住在倫敦)
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表示計畫或安排的未來動作
They are leaving for vacation tomorrow.(他們明天出去度假)
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表示對現在的臨時評論或評價
The weather is getting colder.(天氣越來越冷)
The traffic is getting worse.(交通越來越糟糕)
She is becomimg more confident in her abilities.(她對自己的能力變得更有信心)
Prices are rising rapidly.(價格正在快速上漲)
The situation is improving slowly.(情況正在慢慢地改善)
He is getting better at playing the guitar.(他在彈吉他方面越來越進步)
The weather is getting warmer as spring approaches.(隨著春天的到來，天氣越來越暖和)
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表示重複或煩人的動作(可和always或constantly連用)
He is always interrupting me.(他總是打斷我)
She constantly interrupts me while I'm speaking.(她一直在我講話時打斷我。)
The dog constantly barks at the neighbors.(這隻狗經常對著鄰居狂吠)
He constantly checks his phone for new messages.(他一直檢查手機是否有新的訊息)
The baby constantly cries throughout the night.(這個嬰兒整夜都在不斷地哭泣)
They constantly argue about the same issue.(他們一直在為同一個問題爭吵)
My computer constantly freezes and needs to be restarted.(我的電腦經常凍結，需要重新啟動。)
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C.現在完成式
動詞加上have/has和過去分型式：
I have spoken.他已經說過話
They have spoken.他們已經說過話
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D.情態動詞：情態動詞的複數型式和單數相同。
例如can、may、must、should、would
She can swim(她會游泳)
They can play the piano(他們會彈鋼琴)
He may come to the party(他可能會來參加派對)
We may go on a trip next week.(我們可能下週去旅行)
He must be at the meeting on time.(他必須準時到會議上)
He must study for the exam.(他必須為考試而學習)
She should eat more vegetables.(他應該多吃蔬菜)
We should apologize for our mistake.(我們應該為我們的錯誤道歉)
He would like to visit italy.他願意去義大利旅行
We would love to help you.(我們很樂意幫助你)
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以動詞來描述過去式、現在式和未來式的時態
go(原型動詞)→went(過去式)→will go or be going to(未來式)
see(原型動詞)→saw(過去式)→will see or be going to see(未來式)
watch(原型動詞)→watched(過去式)→will watch or be going to watch(未來式)
She likes to watch movies.(他喜歡看電影)
Last night, I watched a documentary on TV.(昨晚，我在電視上觀看了一個紀錄片)
Tomorrow. they will watch a play at the theater.(明天，他們將在劇院觀看一場戲劇)
I am going to watch the sunset at the beach this weekend.(這個週末，我打算在海灘上觀賞日落。)
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(二)語序
敘述句通常式主詞→動詞→名詞，疑問句為助動詞→主詞→動詞→名詞，否定句需要在助動詞後面加上NOT
I like pizza.(敘述句)
Do you like pizza?(疑問句)
He does not like pizza.(否定句)
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(三)冠詞
冠詞分為定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a/an)
定冠詞(the)：用於特定的人事物或群體
The book on the table is mine.(桌上那本書是我的)
I saw the movie last night.(昨晚我看了那部電影)
The sun is shining brightly today.(今天太陽很明亮)
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不定冠詞(a)：
泛指未特定的人事物或群體。
I need to buy a new phone.(我需要買一部新手機)
She is a talented singer.(她是一位有才華的歌手)
Can I have a glass of water, please?(請給我一杯水好嗎?)
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不定冠詞(an)：
泛指未特定的人事物或群體，遇到以元音音素開頭的單詞變成an。
She is an English teacher.(她是一位英語教師)
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.(一天一顆蘋果，醫生遠離我)
元音音素指的是發音為æ、e、i、o、u
æ:an apple 一個蘋果
e:an elephant 一隻大象
i:an interesting book 一本有趣的書；an igloo(一個冰屋)
o:an orange(一個橙子)
u:an umbrella(一把雨傘)
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(四)副詞和形容詞
形容詞通常只修飾名詞
The "beautiful" flowers bloomed in the garden.(美麗的花朵在花園中綻放)
He is a "talented" musician.(他是一位有才華的音樂家)
The "old" man walked slowly across the street.(老人慢慢地穿越馬路)
She bought a "delicious" cake from the bakery.(她從麵包店買了一個美味的蛋糕)
They live in a "small" house by the beach.(他們住在海邊的一間小房子裡)
The "excited" children played in the park all day.(興奮的孩子們整天在公園玩耍)
I received a "thoughtful" gift from my friend.(我從朋友那裏收到一份貼心的禮物)
The "tall" building stood tall in the city skyline.(高樓聳立在城市的天際線中)
The "brave" firefighter rescued the trapped cat from the tree.(勇敢的消防員從樹上救出了被困的貓)
She wore a "stylish" dress to the party.(她穿了一件時尚的洋裝去參加派對)
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副詞修飾動詞
She sings "beautifully". 她唱得很美妙(beautifully修飾sings)
They danced "gracefully" on stage. 他們在舞台上優雅地跳舞(gracefully修飾danced)
The car drove "dangerously" along the narrow road. 車子危險地沿著狹窄的道路行駛(dangerously修飾drove)
She speaks English "fluently". 她能夠流利地講英語(fluently修飾speaks)
He read the book "slowly" and "catrfully". 他慢慢而仔細地閱讀這本書(slowly和catrfully修飾read)
The sun is shining "brightly" in the sky. 太陽在天空中明亮地照耀著 (brightly修飾shining)
She ate her dinner "quickly" and "eagerly". 她迅速而渴望地吃完了晚餐(quickly和eagerly修飾ate)
The child played "happily" with his toys. 孩子高興地玩著他的玩具(happily修飾played)
副詞修飾形容詞
He runs "very" fast. 他跑得非常快(very修飾fast)
The team played "exceptionally" well in the match. 這支球隊在比賽中表現出色(exceptionally修飾well)
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(五)介系詞
用來表達時間、空間、位置和關係。
in (在...裡面)
She is studying in the library.(她正在圖書館裡學習)
The keys are in the drawer.(鑰匙在抽屜裡)
on(在...上面)
The book is on the table.(書在桌子上)
She is sitting on the chair.(她坐在椅子上)
at(在...處)
We will meet at the park.(我們將在公園見面)
The party is at his house.(派對在他的家裡)
for(為了、給予)
I bought a gift for my friend.(我給我的朋友買了一份禮物)
He works hard for his family.(他為了家人努力工作)
with(和、帶有)
I went to the movies with my friends.(我和我的朋友一起去看電影)
She painted the picture with brush.(她用刷子畫了這幅畫)
to(到、給)
I walked to the park.(我走到公園)
Please give this letter to him.(請把這封信給他)
from(從、來自)
I received a gift from my grandmother.(我收到了祖母送的禮物)
The train arrived from London.(火車從倫敦抵達)
by(藉由、由...方式)
She traveled to Paris by train.(她乘火車去了巴黎)
The book was written by Mark Twain.(這本書是馬克吐溫寫的)
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(六)主動語態(Active Voice)和被動語態(Passive Voice)
主動語態是主語進行動作
She sings a song.(她唱一首歌)
They built a new house.(他們建了一座新房子)
He writes a letter.(他寫信)
被動語態是主語接受動作
動作的執行者會放在介詞BY之後。
A song is sung by her.(一首歌被她唱了)
A new house was built by them.(一座新房子被他們建了)
A letter is written by him.(一封信被他寫了)
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(七)分詞和不定詞
分詞修飾名詞
The "crying" baby needs attention.(哭泣的嬰兒需要關注)
A "broken" glass was on the floor.(一塊破碎的玻璃在地板上)
I saw a man "walking" down the street.(我看到一個人走在街上)
分詞形成從句
從句是一個包含主詞和動詞的獨立子句，會做為主句的一部份出現，對主句的內容進行解釋。
"Walking" in the park, she enjoyed the fresh air.(在公園散步時，她享受著新鮮的空氣)
"Having finished" his work, he left the office.(完成工作後，他離開了辦公室)
"Seeing" the dark clouds, we decided to bring umbrellas.(看到黑暗的雲，我們決定帶傘)
不定詞是由動詞to加上動詞原形組成的結構。
不定詞做主詞
To learn a new language is challenging.(學習一門新語言是具有挑戰性的_
To travel is my dream.(旅行是我的夢想)
不定詞做及物動詞
She wants to study abroad.(她想要出國留學)
He decided to take a break from work.(他決定休假一段時間)
不定詞做表語
(可以是名詞、形容詞、副詞或介系詞片語)
Her goal is to become a doctor. (她的目標是成為一名醫師)
解析：To become a doctor是為表語，描述了主詞Her goal的狀態，to become 是不定詞，a doctor是不定詞的受詞
The most important thing is to be happy.(最重要的是快樂)
解析：to be happy為表語；主詞為The most important thing，to be 是不定詞，happy 是不定詞的補語。
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