Caused primarily by the antibody IgE. When an allergen binds to IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils, these cells release a variety of inflammatory mediators, leading to the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
ABO blood type incompatibility causing hemolysis and transfusion reactions is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction. The recipient's blood antibodies bind to the antigens on the surface of the donor's red blood cells, causing the red blood cells to rupture and lyse.
第三型過敏反應(免疫複合體介導的過敏反應)
Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity)
1.主要由抗原與抗體在血管內形成免疫複合體，並激活補體系統而引起血管壁損傷和炎症反應。
Caused by the formation of immune complexes in the blood vessels when antigens bind to antibodies, activating the complement system and leading to vascular damage and inflammation.
2.常見症狀包括：血管炎、腎炎、狼瘡等
Common symptoms include: Vasculitis, nephritis, and lupus.
3.例如阿圖斯氏反應（Arthus reaction）
Arthus reactions are an example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
第四型過敏反應(遲發型過敏反應)。
Type IV Hypersensitivity (Delayed Hypersensitivity)
1. 主要由 T 細胞接觸到抗原後，釋放出炎症介質而引起局部炎症反應。
Caused by T cells releasing inflammatory mediators after coming into contact with an antigen, leading to a localized inflammatory response.
2. 常見症狀包括：結核菌素反應、接觸性皮炎等。
Common symptoms include: Tuberculin reactions and contact dermatitis.
病理學
耳鼻喉相關
過敏性鼻炎病史的患者，因為反覆鼻炎造成鼻黏膜「灰白色葡萄狀」增生。
Patients with a history of allergic rhinitis may develop "gray-white grape-like" hyperplasia of the nasal mucosa due to repeated rhinitis.
Fexofenadine is a selective H1 receptor antagonist, which is a type of antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and chronic atopic dermatitis. It is less likely to cause sedation or drowsiness because it has a large molecular weight (585.6), making it difficult to cross the blood-brain barrier (molecular weight needs to be less than 400), and it is also positively charged and has low lipophilicity.
The capsule is a polysaccharide or protein structure located outside the bacterial cell wall. It is extremely important for helping bacteria resist the phagocytosis of immune cells.
Phagocytes (such as macrophages and neutrophils) engulf and digest foreign particles, including bacteria. The capsule can prevent the attachment of phagocytes, make bacteria smooth, and inhibit the production of bactericidal substances by phagocytes, such as reactive oxygen species and lysosomal enzymes.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a lung infection that is acquired outside of a hospital setting. The most common cause of CAP is Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium.
社區性肺炎的常見症狀包括：發燒、咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、呼吸困難。
Common symptoms of CAP include:Fever,Cough,Sputum production,Chest pain,Shortness of breath.
Atrophy of cardiomyocytes leads to decreased metabolic activity, and waste products in the cell cannot be cleared in time, which will accumulate in the cell, including lipofuscin. Lipofuscin is a brown-yellow pigment that is left over after lysosomes break down intracellular substances. It is a sign of cell aging and damage.
Lipofuscin accumulation is a sign of aging, and is also known as lipofuscin or age pigment. It is a residue formed from substances that can no longer be digested by lysosomes. It is composed mainly of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, and is deposited in a brown-yellow color around the nucleus. It usually begins to appear after the age of 40. Its deposition in cardiac muscle cells is associated with dysfunction and damage to cardiac muscle cells, and may lead to decreased myocardial contractility, arrhythmia, and heart rhythm disturbances. In severe cases, it can lead to heart failure.
Atrophic cardiac muscle cells are more likely to accumulate lipofuscin because they have decreased function, metabolic capacity, lysosomal function, and increased membrane permeability. Lipofuscin accumulation will further aggravate the dysfunction of cardiac muscle cells and lead to the death of cardiac muscle cells.
藥理學/Pharmacology/薬理学/약리학
藥物相關/Drug-Related/薬物関連/약물 관련
抗生素/Antibiotics/抗生物質/항생제
糖肽類抗生素-多個糖基肽單位組成，結構複雜，抑制細菌細胞壁的合成起作用 Glycopeptide Antibiotics - Composed of multiple glycopeptide units, complex structure, and inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. 糖肽系抗生物質 - 複数の糖肽ユニットで構成され、構造が複雑で、細菌細胞壁の合成を抑制します。
글리코펩티드계 항생제-다수의 글리코펩티드 단위로 구성되어 있으며, 구조가 복잡하고 세균 세포벽 합성을 억제합니다
萬古黴素（Vancomycin）/バンコマイシン/반코마이신：
1.廣譜抗生素，對革蘭氏陽性菌具有強效殺菌作用。
Broad-spectrum antibiotic, effective against Gram-positive bacteria
広域抗生物質で、グラム陽性菌に対して強力な殺菌作用があります。
광범위 항생제로, 그람 양성균에 대해 강력한 살균 작용을 합니다.
2.在血液中的濃度可以達到較高的水平
Can reach high concentrations in the blood
血液中の濃度が高くなります。
혈액 내 농도가 높아질 수 있습니다.
3.穿透骨骼和關節等組織，因此對骨髓炎、關節炎等深部感染有效。
Penetrates bones and joints, making it effective against deep infections such as osteomyelitis and arthritis
骨や関節などの組織に浸透するため、骨髄炎や関節炎などの深部感染症に有効です。
뼈와 관절 등의 조직에 침투하기 때문에 골수염, 관절염 등의 심부 감염에 효과적입니다.
4.副作用相對較少，主要包括腎毒性和耳毒性。然而，這些副作用通常是可逆的。
Relatively few side effects, mainly nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. However, these side effects are usually reversible.
副作用は比較的少なく、主なものは腎毒性と耳毒性です。しかし、これらの副作用は通常可逆的です。
부작용은 비교적 적고 주요 부작용은 신독성과 이독성입니다. 그러나 이러한 부작용은 일반적으로 가역적입니다.
병원 내 감염의 원인이 되는 황색포도상구균 (Staphylococcus aureus) 치료에 가장 효과적인 항생제 중 하나입니다.
大環內酯類抗生素-一個大環內酯核和兩個糖基組成，結構相對簡單，抑制細菌蛋白質的合成起作用。
Macrolide Antibiotics - Composed of a macrolide nucleus and two sugar groups, relatively simple structure, and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. 대환내성계 항생제-한 개의 대환내성핵과 두 개의 당기로 구성되어 있으며, 구조가 비교적 단순하고 세균 단백질 합성을 억제합니다.
Adults with long-term cough diagnosed with Mycoplasma infection are prescribed the oral antibiotic clarithromycin.
成人長期咳嗽でマイコプラズマ感染と診断された場合は、経口抗生物質クラリスロマイシンが処方されます。
성인 장기 기침으로 마이코플라즈마 감염으로 진단된 경우, 경구 항생제 클라리스로마이신이 처방됩니다.
2.主要對革蘭氏陽性菌和部分革蘭氏陰性菌有效，對衣原體、支原體和部分厭氧菌也具有一定活性
Effective mainly against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria, and also has some activity against chlamydia, mycoplasma, and some anaerobic bacteria.
Patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may develop regional columnar epithelium in the lower third of the esophagus, a condition known as metaplasia. Additionally, studies have shown that chronic GERD can lead to chronic erosion of esophageal epithelial cells by gastric acid, which can lead to cell damage, abnormal proliferation, and carcinogenesis, eventually leading to esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Nitrites are a chemical found in many foods, such as cured meats, sausages, and ham. Nitrites can react with gastric acid to form nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic. However, studies have shown that the association between nitrites and esophageal adenocarcinoma is relatively weak, and only long-term, high-level exposure to nitrites increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
留言