心智狀況評估
有關病人心智狀態評估內容的敘述如下：
1. 可以利用簡易心智狀況量表（Mini Mental State Examination, MMSE）進行測試
2. 可以依判斷力、定向感、記憶力、注意力、抽象思考能力、計算力進行評估
3. 詢問老年病人年輕時的基本資料如求學、求職等，主要是評估遠期記憶力
多發性硬化症（Multiple Sclerosis,MS）
致病原因
是年輕人群中最常見的神經性致疾病，病灶位於腦部和脊隨，是常見的中樞神經系統的自身免疫性疾病。人體自身免疫系統攻擊和破壞中樞神經纖維表面覆蓋的脂質膜(神經髓鞘)，所以其主要病理特徵是髓鞘脫失，髓鞘是包繞在神經纖維外層的一層脂質膜，具有保護和絕緣的作用。因被自身免疫系統攻擊導致髓鞘脫失，以至於多發性硬化症的發生，導致神經傳導受阻，出現運動、感覺、認知等功能障，且因為受到破壞的神經纖維會形成疤痕，也稱為硬化。
It is the most common neurological disease among young people. The lesions are located in the brain and spinal cord. It is a common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The body's own immune system attacks and destroys the lipid membrane (nerve myelin) covering the surface of central nerve fibers, so its main pathological feature is the loss of myelin. Myelin is a layer of lipid membrane surrounding the outer layer of nerve fibers. Has the function of protection and insulation. The myelin sheath is lost due to attack by the autoimmune system, leading to the occurrence of multiple sclerosis, resulting in the obstruction of nerve conduction, motor, sensory, cognitive and other functional impairments, and because the damaged nerve fibers will form scars, also known as for hardening.
檢查方式
而超音波是一種利用高頻聲波成像的技術，常應用於腹部、心臟、血管等部位的檢查。然而，由於超音波的穿透性較弱，因此並不適用於中樞神經系統的檢查。中樞神經系統位於顱骨和脊柱內，被骨骼和腦脊髓液包圍，超音波無法穿透這些組織，因此無法直接觀察到中樞神經系統的結構。
Ultrasound is a technology that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images. It is commonly used to examine the abdomen, heart, and blood vessels. However, due to its weak penetration ability, ultrasound is not suitable for examining the central nervous system. The central nervous system is located within the skull and spine, surrounded by bones and cerebrospinal fluid. Ultrasound cannot penetrate these tissues, so it cannot directly observe the structure of the central nervous system.
因此，超音波檢查並不能用於發現中樞神經系統髓鞘脫失。而腦脊髓液分析可發現IgG抗體升高、視覺誘發電位(可觀察到受損的神經在傳導過程出現延遲和中斷)和核磁共振影像(可發現在大腦和脊髓中存在多發的斑塊)等檢查方法，均可幫助診斷多發性硬化症。
Therefore, ultrasound examination cannot be used to detect demyelination of the central nervous system. On the other hand, cerebrospinal fluid analysis can find elevated IgG antibodies, visual evoked potentials (which can observe delays and interruptions in conduction in damaged nerves), and magnetic resonance imaging (which can find multiple plaques in the brain and spinal cord). These methods can all help diagnose multiple sclerosis.
症狀表現
多發性硬化症是一種慢性疾病，每個人發作的情況差異很大，表現的症狀也很獨特，因不同的症狀表現取決於斑塊或者損傷的中樞神經部位。
1.感覺障礙
大多數的患者首發症狀是感覺障礙，可能有麻木感、刺痛感或者身體某個部位失去感覺，若有電流自背部下傳的感覺則為L赫氏現象。
2.視覺障礙
可能看東西會有模糊感、一側或兩側眼睛失去視覺、眼球不自覺快速反向運動導致的斜視或複視等；若複視可使用眼罩遮住一眼。
3.眩暈或協調障礙
可能是平衡失調或損壞，或是因小腦的神經纖維損壞，無法順利完成某些動作，有些甚至會伴隨的抽蓄。
4.運動困難
無法隨意自由的移動四肢
5.痙攣
6.膀胱功能紊亂、便祕
可能因為結腸的活動力異常造成蠕動緩慢，或者某些患者液體攝取過少、活動力較差等，可建議病人多攝取水份和高纖食物、排定如廁時間表等方式改善
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