「護理行政」
健康照護
依照護理人員法第24條規定,護理人員的業務範圍包含:評估健康問題、提供護理指導和執行預防性的護理措施。
其中評估健康問題中,我們須先了解可能影響健康的相關因素:健康保險制度影響社會對健康的促進和重視、充足的睡眠和休息是維持健康的重要因素、醫療照護的便利性會影響維護健康的選擇;需要注意的是不同社會經濟狀態的民眾在維持健康的能力不同。
照護模式
技術混合照護模式(skill-mixed nursing care model)
註冊護理師負責提供高複雜性的護理服務,如制定護理計劃、評估病人病情、執行高風險的護理操作等;
Registered nurses (RNs) are responsible for providing high-complexity nursing care, such as developing nursing care plans, assessing patient conditions, and performing high-risk nursing interventions.
執業護理師負責提供中等複雜性的護理服務,如執行護理計劃、指導護理輔助人員等;
Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) are responsible for providing medium-complexity nursing care, such as implementing nursing care plans and supervising nursing assistants.
護理師助理負責提供低複雜性的護理服務,如餵食、洗澡、協助病人活動等;
Nursing assistants (NAs) are responsible for providing low-complexity nursing care, such as feeding, bathing, and assisting patients with activities.
護理輔助人員負責提供基本的護理服務,如整理床鋪、清潔環境等。
Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) are responsible for providing basic nursing care, such as making beds and cleaning rooms.
功能性護理模式(functional nursing care model)
依據不同的工作性質,使用不同的護理設備與工具,固定分工協助病人照顧。在功能性護理模式下,護理人員可以分為醫學護理、外科護理、母嬰護理、精神護理、康復護理等。護理人員根據自己的專業領域,負責該領域內所有病人的護理工作。
In the functional nursing model, nurses are assigned to specific areas of care based on their expertise and utilize specialized equipment and tools to provide patient care. This approach involves dividing the nursing workload into distinct areas of responsibility, ensuring that each patient receives care tailored to their specific needs.
全責護理模式(Primary Nursing Care Model)
是一種以病人為中心的護理模式,強調護理人員對病人提供連續性、協調性、整體性及個別化的照護。在全責護理模式下,每位護理人員都被指定為特定病人的全護理師與病人之間建立了牢固的關係,能夠更好地理解病人的需求。
It is a patient-centered nursing model that emphasizes that nursing staff provide continuity, coordination, holistic and individualized care to patients. In the total care model, each caregiver is designated as the total nurse for a specific patient. A strong relationship is established between the nurse practitioner and the patient and is able to better understand the patient's needs.
成組護理模式(Team Nursing Care Model)
是一種以團隊為中心的護理模式,強調護理人員之間的合作和協調。在成組護理模式下,病人被分為不同的組,每組由一位護理長和幾位護理人員組成。護理人員根據自己的專業分工,負責病人的不同護理工作。
Team nursing is a patient-centered care model that emphasizes collaboration and coordination among healthcare providers. In this model, patients are divided into different groups, each group consisting of a charge nurse and several staff nurses. Nurses are responsible for different aspects of patient care based on their specialized skills and training.
組織背景
決策相關:
1. 選擇方案時要權衡主要關係人的權益,以決策倫理為基礎
2. 決策制定過程中,避免先入為主影響決策的形成以及決策的正確性,下列為防範方法:不要在最先的想法裡打轉、開放心胸多方收集資料、不要向請教的專家提出自己的想法
3. 摩斯與洛斯奇的權變理論是組織行為中的一種管理理論,強調組織中的權力和影響力的分配,以及管理者在決策過程中所面臨的限制和壓力。例如依據單位內部及外部的環境做適度的工作調配,帶領團隊達成共同目標。
組織願景說明:
願景是組織追求的終極目標,讓員工知道未來的展望
組織管理相關:
1. 醫療機構之病人安全異常事件通報系統的建置,建立非懲罰性通報制度最為適宜。
2. 護理照護人力配置白班50%、小夜班30%、大夜班20%最為適宜。
3. 人力流動率計算方法:(離職人數÷平均在職人數)x100
4. ERG理論代表存在需求、關聯需求和成長需求,存在需求關注基本的物質和生理需求;關聯需求關注他人的互動和關係;成長需求關注個人的自己實現和成長。
5. 期望理論(Expectancy Theory)人們的工作滿意度和動機取決於它們對於努力、表現和報酬之間的期望,如果認為努力會帶來有效的表現,而有效的表現會帶來有價值的報酬,那麼他們就更有動機投入工作。
6. 公平理論(Equity Theory)人們的工作滿意度和動機取決於他們對於工作報酬的公平感,當人們感覺到他們的工作投入與報酬之間的比例不公平時,他們可能會產生不滿和不平衡的感受
7. 增強理論(Reinforcement Theory)人們的行為是由獎勵和懲罰所影響的,如果一個行為受到正面的增強,即給予獎勵,那麼該行為可能回增加,如果一個行為受到負面的增強,即給予懲罰,該行為可能會減少。
8. 若指派的工作,人員表示工作繁瑣請主管另外指派較有能力的同仁負責,高階主管應瞭解主管的困難,從旁協助籌辦工作。
9. 扁平式組織通常具有較少的階層和管理層級,營運成本比較低;矩陣式組織是將員工按專案需求或功能分配到不同的團隊或部門;科層式組織是傳統的組織結構,權力和決策權通常在頂層管理層,這種組織通常導致下層員工的意見較少被重視,因為需要經過多層的階級結構,才能反映至頂層管理層;委員式組織可能因為成員過多導致決策過程冗長、決策意見分歧、缺乏專業知識和權威或者因權力平衡而導致決策進行折衷等問題。
10. 喜歡一起旅遊、唱歌的同仁聚集組成的組織稱為:非正式組織
11. 分權式組織特性:
◆權力下放、權責對應、快速反應能力、彈性和靈活性、提升創新和員工參與。
◆不一定能夠直接節省人力支出,尤其在大型機構中。
◆員工覺得自由度高且受尊重
◆分權式組織可增加決策過程之時效性和品質,但前提是應確保有適當的控制和溝通機制,以確保整體的協調和一致性。
12. 赫爾賽(Hersey)與布朗查德(Blanchard)的情境領導理論(situational leadership theory)認為領導者應依員工的成熟度要素來決定領導型態
Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory suggests that leaders should adapt their leadership style based on the maturity level of their employees.
被領導者的成熟度:
Employee Maturity Levels:
M1:低工作能力、低心理意願/Low work competence, low psychological willingness
M2:低工作能力、高心理意願/Low work competence, high psychological willingness
M3:高工作能力、低心理意願/High work competence, low psychological willingness
M4:高工作能力、高心理意願/High work competence, high psychological willingness
領導的風格在對應上也分為四種:
Leadership Styles:
S1:高工作導向、低關係導向/High task orientation, low relationship orientation
S2:高工作導向、高關係導向/High task orientation, high relationship orientation
S3:低工作導向、高關係導向/Low task orientation, high relationship orientation
S4:低工作導向、低關係導向/Low task orientation, low relationship orientation
對於M1成熟度的被領導者,應採用告知型(telling)領導風格(S1),即多指導、多監督。
M1: Telling (S1) - Provide high direction and low support.
對於M2成熟度的被領導者,應採用推銷型(selling)領導風格(S2),即既要指導、監督,也要鼓勵、支持,幫助他們提高工作能力。
M2: Selling (S2) - Provide high direction and high support.
對於M3成熟度的被領導者,應採用參與型(participating)領導風格(S3),即多諮詢、鼓勵,讓他們發揮自己的主動性和創造性。
M3: Participating (S3) - Provide low direction and high support.
對於M4成熟度的被領導者,應採用授權型(delegating)領導風格(S4),即放權、授權,讓他們自主負責。
M4: Delegating (S4) - Provide low direction and low support.
若一名護理師於病房工作1.5年,對病人整體性照護在指導下可完成,剛晉升為N1層級。
這說明她具有一定的工作能力,但缺乏獨立工作的經驗和自信。因此,她的成熟度可以評估為M2。
A nurse who has been working in a ward for 1.5 years and can complete holistic patient care under guidance has just been promoted to the N1 level. This indicates that she has a certain level of work competence but lacks experience and confidence in working independently. Therefore, her maturity level can be assessed as M2.
對於M2成熟度的被領導者,應採用推銷型領導風格(S2)。
Leadership Style for M2 Maturity Level:
Selling (S2) - Provide both direction and support to help them improve their work competence.
13. Keeney(1994)最佳問題解決方案:確定評估的問題、建立比較矩陣、計算得分、確定最佳解決方案
14. 有關控制(controlling)的基本概念
◆策略控制適用高層主管,基層主管負責執行策略。
◆預算編列屬於事前控制。
◆病人辨識屬於過程控制,結構控制是指組織中的硬體、設施、資源等方面的管理和控制。
◆顧客反應屬於結果控制,組織監測和評估其結果以確定是否達到預期目標。
績效考評
績效考評標準是指用來衡量員工績效的尺度。
Performance evaluation standards are the criteria used to measure employee performance.
絕對標準是指以固定的指標來衡量工作成效,查核員工有無達成此項標準。
例如,銷售人員的銷售額必須達到100萬元
Absolute standards use fixed indicators to measure job performance and evaluate whether employees have met the standards.
For example, salespeople must achieve sales of NT$1 million.
相對標準是指將員工間的績效表現相互比較,也就是以相互比較來評定個人工作的好壞。
將所有人員的考評成績進行分數排列比較,因此相對標準主要用來評估單位績效,因可以反映單位績效在同類單位中的相對位置,從而為調整組織控制幅度(span of control)提供參考。
Relative standards compare the performance of employees with each other, using mutual comparison to evaluate the quality of individual work.
All employees' evaluation scores are ranked and compared, so relative standards are mainly used to evaluate unit performance. This is because they can reflect the relative position of unit performance among similar units and provide a reference for adjusting the organization's span of control.
客觀標準是指預先設定達成工作目標的個別性標準,再以此工作目標來評核執行成效,屬較客觀評核績效的方法。
例如,將員工的工作績效與其職務說明書中的工作內容、工作目標、工作要求等進行比較。
Objective standards involve pre-setting individual standards for achieving work goals and then evaluating the performance of execution based on these work goals. This is a more objective method of evaluating performance.
For example, an employee's work performance is compared with the work content, work goals, and work requirements in their job description.
主觀標準是指評估者在判斷員工所具有的特質,以及其執行工作的績效時,對每項特質或績效表現,在評定量表上每一點的相對基準上予以定位,以幫助評估者作評價。
例如,評估者根據自己的主觀判斷,認為員工的工作態度認真,因此給予其高分。
Subjective standards involve the evaluator positioning each trait or performance on a relative basis on each point of the evaluation scale when judging the characteristics and work performance of employees. This helps the evaluator make an evaluation.
For example, based on their own subjective judgment, the evaluator believes that the employee has a serious work attitude and therefore gives them a high score.
「護理原理」
個案照護
輸血引起過敏性休克反應的症狀主要包括:低血壓、嘔吐、蕁麻疹、呼吸困難等,是一種嚴重的輸血不良反應,其發病率約為 0.1% 至 5%,通常在輸血開始後數分鐘內發生,但也有可能在輸血後數小時甚至數天內發生,有可能是因為血型不合、血漿中存在抗 IgA 抗體、藥物過敏或細菌汙染等,須立即停止輸血、給予氧氣、補充液體、使用升壓、皮質類固醇或抗阻胺藥,且於必要時進行氣管插管和機械通氣。
Transfusion-related anaphylactic reactions are characterized primarily by hypotension, vomiting, urticaria, and dyspnea. They represent a severe adverse transfusion reaction with an incidence rate of 0.1% to 5%. These reactions typically occur within minutes of initiating transfusion but can also manifest hours or even days afterward. Potential causes include blood type incompatibility, anti-IgA antibodies in the plasma, drug allergy, or bacterial contamination. Immediate interventions include discontinuing the transfusion, providing oxygen, administering fluids, utilizing pressors, corticosteroids, or antihistamines, and intubation and mechanical ventilation when necessary.
而輸血引起過敏反應則是出現皮膚癢、紅疹、鼻塞等較為輕微的症狀,則是由免疫系統對異源物質(過敏原)的異常反應,輸血引起的過敏反應通常不需要特殊治療,可自行緩解。但如果症狀較為嚴重或持續時間較長,則應就醫治療。
Transfusion-related allergic reactions, on the other hand, manifest with milder symptoms such as skin itching, rash, and nasal congestion. These reactions arise from an abnormal immune response to foreign substances (allergens). Transfusion-related allergic reactions typically do not require specific treatment and may resolve spontaneously. However, if symptoms are severe or persistent,
心因性休克Cardiogenic shock
心因性休克是指心臟功能突然下降,導致無法向全身組織和器官輸送足夠的血液和氧氣的一種疾病。
Cardiogenic shock is a condition in which the heart function suddenly decreases, resulting in the inability to deliver enough blood and oxygen to the tissues and organs throughout the body.
心因性休克的常見臨床表現包括:
The common clinical manifestations of cardiogenic shock include:
低血壓-Low blood pressure
心率加快Tachycardia
呼吸急促Tachypnea
意識改變Altered consciousness
尿量減少是心因性休克的常見臨床表現之一。這是因為心臟功能下降導致腎臟血流量減少,從而導致尿量減少。
Oliguria is a common clinical manifestation of cardiogenic shock. This is because the decrease in cardiac function leads to a decrease in renal blood flow, which in turn leads to a decrease in urine output.
主動脈內氣球幫浦(IABP)是重要治療心因性休克方式之一
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a critical treatment for cardiogenic shock.
過敏性休克
過敏性休克是一種嚴重的過敏反應,通常由於過度的過敏反應導致一系列生理變化。
1.通常會出現心輸出量下降,這是由於過敏反應導致循環系統的衰竭,導致心臟無法有效地泵送血液。
2.過敏性休克時,由於組織胺的釋放,小動脈會擴張,也可導致全身血管擴張。這可能導致血壓下降、血流減少和器官損傷。 。
3.過敏性休克會導致微血管的通透性增加,這意味著液體和蛋白質可以進入組織空間,導致組織腫脹和低血壓。
Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that is usually caused by a cascade of physiological changes due to an excessive allergic response.
The following are the three main physiological changes that occur in anaphylactic shock:
1. Decreased cardiac output is often seen. This is due to the failure of the circulatory system caused by the allergic reaction, which prevents the heart from pumping blood effectively.
2. Vasodilation of small arteries can also occur in anaphylactic shock due to the release of histamine. This can lead to a decrease in blood pressure, decreased blood flow, and organ damage.
3. Increased vascular permeability occurs in anaphylactic shock, which means that fluid and proteins can enter the tissue space, leading to tissue swelling and low blood pressure.。
尿液檢體注意及觀察事項:
1.正常尿液不含膽紅素
2.混濁尿可能是尿路感染所致。
3.收集24小時尿液檢體時於7 AM請病人解尿,第一次解的尿液部留存,收集之後每次解的尿液到次日7 AM,且收集的尿液應儲存在冰箱中,並於24小時內送檢。
For 24-hour urine collection, instruct the patient to void (urinate) at 7 AM on the first day. Discard the first urine sample and collect all subsequent urine samples until 7 AM on the following day. Store the collected urine in the refrigerator and submit it for testing within 24 hours.
所以蒐集完尿液檢體後,應存放在陰涼處,可以的話儘快送檢。如果不能立即送檢,是可以將尿液存放在冰箱中冷藏後送驗。
Once the urine sample has been collected, it should be stored in a cool place. If possible, send it for testing as soon as possible. If it cannot be tested immediately, the urine sample can be stored in the refrigerator and refrigerated before testing.
關於消化系統之注意事項:
1. 糞便的成分:脂肪、膽紅素、鈣、磷和剝落的死菌
2. 大腸憩室炎(Colonic Diverticulitis)大腸壁上形成的憩室發炎的狀況,通常發生在大腸下段,尤其是左下腹區域,主要是憩室內的糞便或食物殘渣積聚,造成細菌感染和炎症。
心理層面的照護
1. 有效地傾聽應真正的專注並理解對方說的話,需要主動提問、確認理解,並展示共情和與對方建立連結。
2. 有效的溝通不僅是被動地等待思考和回應,需要積極參與對話、提出問題、分享觀點和進行互動。
3. 有效的溝通須注意與對方討論問題而非爭辯
4. 一些議題可能需要更多的時間、專注和隱私,並非隨時隨地都可以討論,以確保有效的交流和解決。
馬斯洛(Maslow)人類需求理論(行為科學),最高層級的需要為自我實現,範例順序先後:低效性呼吸→社交互動障礙→身體心像改變→靈性困擾
有自傷行為的精神科病患,盡量以不傷害倫理原則,如以密切探視、維護周圍環境安全優先來預防傷害發生。
羅氏適應模式(Roy's adaptation model)是一種生理、心理和社會的整體評估
麥克葛羅格的XY理論(行為科學),將人的動機和行為分為兩種不同的類型,理論X人本質是懶惰、缺乏自我激勵,需要強制性的監督和控制;理論Y人本質上是有動力、自我激勵的,具有自主性和創造性。
「護理技術」
護理措施
可以依合適的狀況,進行適當的護理措施,如脊髓損傷的病人,無法自行排空膀胱,可以教導以手向下壓迫膀胱部位。
給藥縮寫名詞
傷口相關名詞
潰瘍(ulcer): 潰瘍是指組織表面的破損或損傷,通常由組織壞死和細胞喪失引起。潰瘍通常形成在皮膚或黏膜表面,可能會導致疼痛、出血和感染。
膿瘍(abscess): 膿瘍是一個局部感染的集合,其中包含膿液(由死去的白血球、細菌和組織碎片組成)。膿瘍通常是充滿膿液的囊袋,可能在組織內或體腔內形成。
肉芽腫(granuloma): 肉芽腫是一種由免疫細胞(如巨噬細胞和淋巴細胞)形成的小結節,常見於慢性炎症或感染的情況下。肉芽腫可能是慢性炎症的反應,也可能是身體對某種刺激的免疫反應。
蟹足腫(keloid): 蟹足腫是指在傷口或創傷的周圍過度增生的瘢痕組織,形成凸起、顏色較深且不規則的瘢痕。蟹足腫通常在傷口癒合後出現,可能是由於過度的纖維組織增生所致。
常見的包紮法
【固定性包紮】
固定受傷部位或保護關節的包紮方法,常用於骨折、關節扭傷、肌肉拉傷等情況。
骨折的病患在骨折後立即就需要進行固定性包紮。固定性包紮可以幫助固定骨折斷端,減少骨骼的移位和活動,從而促進骨折的癒合。
Patients with fractures need to be immobilized immediately after the fracture. Immobilization helps to stabilize the fracture ends, reduce bone displacement and movement, and promote fracture healing.
骨折癒合階段為:
Stages of Bone Healing:
血腫形成期(0-3天),骨折部位的血管破裂,會形成血腫,引起疼痛和腫脹,應鼓勵病人休息,制冰,抬高患肢,以減輕疼痛和腫脹。
Hematoma formation phase (0-3 days): The blood vessels at the fracture site rupture, forming a hematoma that causes pain and swelling. Patients should be encouraged to rest, apply ice, and elevate the affected limb to reduce pain and swelling.
細胞增生期(3-6周),骨折部位的骨膜、骨髓和周圍組織中的成骨細胞開始活化,並向骨折斷端生長,應鼓勵病人進行適當的運動,以促進骨骼的生長。
Cell proliferation phase (3-6 weeks): Osteoblasts in the periosteum, bone marrow, and surrounding tissues of the fracture site become activated and grow towards the ends of the fracture. Patients should be encouraged to engage in appropriate exercise to promote bone growth.
骨痂形成期(6-12周)骨折斷端周圍會形成新生骨,應鼓勵病人補充足夠的營養,促進鈣質的吸收
Callus formation phase (6-12 weeks): New bone forms around the ends of the fracture. Patients should be encouraged to consume adequate nutrition to promote calcium absorption.
鞏固化與再塑造期(12周以上),骨骼中的破骨細胞會開始吸收和清除新生骨中多餘的骨組織,而成骨細胞則會繼續沉積新的骨基質,使骨骼的強度和結構逐漸恢復正常,應繼續進行康復鍛煉,以幫助骨骼恢復正常的功能。
Consolidation and remodeling phase (12 weeks and beyond): Osteoclasts in the bone begin to absorb and remove excess bone tissue in the new bone, while osteoblasts continue to deposit new bone matrix, gradually restoring the strength and structure of the bone to normal. Patients should continue to engage in rehabilitation exercises to help the bone regain its normal function.
顱底骨骨折
顱底骨骨折患者可能會出現耳漏、鼻漏,表示腦脊髓液外漏:
A patient with a basilar skull fracture may experience otorrhea or rhinorrhea, indicating a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak:
腦脊髓液在乾燥後會形成環狀或放射狀的「暈」,稱為「暈環徵」,用面紙吸取滴下的耳漏、鼻漏液體會有光暈徵象,可作為診斷腦脊髓液漏的依據之一。
When CSF dries, it forms a ring-like or radial halo, known as a "halo sign." Using a tissue to absorb the leaking fluid from the ear or nose and observing a halo sign can be a diagnostic indicator of a CSF leak.
用力咳嗽或打噴嚏會增加顱內壓,加重腦脊髓液漏。
Forceful coughing or sneezing can increase intracranial pressure and exacerbate CSF leakage.
臥床休息並保持頭部抬高(床頭抬高30度),有助於減少腦脊髓液的壓力,促進硬腦膜的癒合。
Bed rest with the head elevated (30 degrees) can help reduce CSF pressure and promote healing of the dura mater.
不可以抽吸病人鼻孔內液體,可用棉花棒輕輕擦拭鼻腔,因為抽吸的動作可能會造成鼻腔黏膜的損傷,進而加重腦脊髓液的漏出,增加感染的風險。
Suctioning of nasal fluid is contraindicated. Instead, the nasal cavity should be gently wiped with a cotton swab. Suctioning can damage the nasal mucosa, worsening CSF leakage and increasing the risk of infection.
抽吸雖然是常見的醫療處置,但在某些情況下,確實可能增加感染風險或其他併發症。
像是顱內壓過高、鼻腔黏膜嚴重損傷、顱底骨折等情況、凝血功能異常、呼吸道阻塞嚴重、鼻腔手術後、鼻腔腫瘤等情況,抽吸可能導致出血或加重病情。
While suctioning is a common medical procedure, it can increase the risk of infection or other complications in certain situations. For example, suctioning may lead to bleeding or worsen conditions in patients with increased intracranial pressure, severe nasal mucosal damage, basilar skull fractures, coagulation disorders, severe airway obstruction, post-nasal surgery, or nasal tumors.
順道一提,早產兒的呼吸系統尚未完全發育成熟,肺部較為脆弱,呼吸道黏膜也較為敏感,所以為避免氧氣飽和度下降及黏膜受損,6-8秒的抽吸時間,足夠清除呼吸道分泌物,又能避免對早產兒造成過大的刺激。
Incidentally, premature infants have immature respiratory systems, fragile lungs, and sensitive respiratory mucosa. Therefore, to avoid a decrease in oxygen saturation and mucosal damage, a suctioning time of 6-8 seconds is sufficient to clear airway secretions while minimizing stimulation to the premature infant.
且抽吸順序應根據寶寶的實際情況和醫生指示來決定先抽鼻腔還是抽口腔,其抽吸壓力應根據不同年齡、體重和病情來調整,並非固定範圍。另外抽吸前可應需要將生理食鹽水滴入氣內管,以幫助軟化分泌物,便於抽吸。但並非所有情況都需要。
The order of suctioning, whether to suction the nasopharynx or oropharynx first, should be determined based on the infant's specific condition and the doctor's instructions. The suction pressure should be adjusted according to the infant's age, weight, and clinical condition, and is not fixed. Additionally, normal saline can be instilled into the endotracheal tube before suctioning to help soften secretions and facilitate suctioning, but this is not necessary in all cases.
托懸臂包紮法是用於支托骨折或受傷手臂的包紮方法。其目的是將手臂固定在適當的位置,以減輕腫脹和疼痛,並促進癒合。
Sling immobilization is a technique used to support a fractured or injured arm. Its purpose is to secure the arm in the proper position to reduce swelling and pain, and promote healing.
手臂應彎曲在肘部,協助病人受傷側手肘關節彎曲小於90度,手掌朝上,手腕高於肘部,有助於減輕腫脹和疼痛。
To help reduce swelling and pain, the patient's injured elbow should be flexed at less than 90 degrees with the arm bent at the elbow, palm facing up and wrist higher than the elbow.
三角巾的底邊與身體平行,將一端放在肩膀,另一端由胸前往下垂,三角中的直角端,放在傷肢的肘關節外側。接著將三角巾下垂的一端拉起,蓋過受傷側的肩膀〉最後三角巾底角最後於病人受傷側肩上打上平結。
Place the base of the triangular bandage parallel to the body. Drape one end of the bandage over the shoulder on the unaffected side, and let the other end hang down across the chest.Fold the right angle of the triangular bandage over the injured arm, placing it under the elbow joint on the injured side.Bring the hanging end of the triangular bandage up and across the back, covering the shoulder on the injured Secure the bottom corners of the triangle sling with a square knot on the patient's right shoulder (the bottom corners of the sling should be positioned on the same shoulder as the injured limb to provide better support).
Circular bandaging繞圈包紮法
將繃帶圍繞受傷部位做環繞,將包紮帶以圈狀逐層重疊,每個圈都部分覆蓋前一個圈的一部分,覆蓋整個受傷區域,這種方法適用於小傷口或關節;如手腕或手指。
Figure Eight bandaging多頭帶包紮法/結環結帶法
透過關節兩側交叉交織的方法固定受傷部位,使用繃帶在傷口或關節周圍形成8的形狀,交叉點位於關節或需要支撐的區域,常用於關節部位的包紮,特別在需要支撐或穩定關節的情況,像是手腕、踝部、粗細不均勻肢體或膝蓋,可以提供較好的支撐和穩定性,適用於關節扭傷或肌肉拉傷狀況。
Spiral bandaging螺旋包紮法
以螺旋方式將繃帶從底部向上包紮,以螺旋狀的方式將繃帶捲繞在傷口或身體部分周圍,每一層部分覆蓋前一層的一部分,直到覆蓋整個區域,繞捆結帶法適用於需要均勻壓力分佈的部位,提供支撐和保護傷口,常用於軀幹或四肢的固定。
Spica bandaging 蔓狀包紮法
在受傷部位上做交叉包紮的方法,適用於固定較大的受傷區域,像是腳踝或手肘。
回反摺形包紮法(Recurrent fold bandaging)
將繃帶反摺並交叉繞過傷口或身體部位,然後再次反摺並繞回起點。常用於頭部、手指或腳趾等部位,可提供較強的支撐和穩定性。
人字形包紮法(Crisscross bandaging)
使用交叉的繃帶在傷口或身體周圍形成人字形的紋路,常用於固定和壓力包紮,可以提供穩定性和支撐,特別是在需要保護和固定關節或骨折的情況下
【截肢肢體的包紮法】
剛性包紮法(Rigid Dressing)
使用纖維玻璃或塑料的剛性材料,至承包帶來覆蓋截肢處,可以減少腫脹、控制出血,並幫助形成良好的截止末端形狀,通常在手術後立即使用,直到傷口癒合或適用其他包紮方式。
疝氣包紮法(Shrinker Bandage)
使用彈性織物或壓縮材料的包帶來包紮截肢處,通常緊貼截肢處,提供輕度的壓迫和支撐,助於控制腫脹、促進血液循環和減少疼痛,也可助形成良好的截肢末端形狀。
彈性包紮法(Elastic Bandage)
提供輕度的包帶來包紮截肢處,提供輕度的壓迫和支撐,有助於控制腫脹、減少疼痛並促進血液循環,特別的是有一定的伸縮性,可以適用截肢部位的變化。
壓迫包紮法(Compression Bandage)
使用壓力敷料或彈性包帶來對截肢處施加壓迫,主要控制腫脹和出血及促進血液循環,並幫助肢體形狀塑造和減少疼痛。
包紮注意事項
1. 繃帶包紮時,應由肢體遠心端至近心端包紮,促進血液循環和減少血液回流,防止血液在受傷部位積聚,減少血液淤積和浮腫,促進氧氣和營養物質運輸到受傷部位,助於傷口的癒合和康復,此法稱為遠心包紮或向心包紮
2.若有靜脈曲張或深靜脈曲張的病患需要包紮,建議使用彈性繃帶確保選擇的包紮帶不過緊,進而影響血液循環。
3.開始包紮時可使用開始結、雙重結或平結,可以應用於多種包紮法中,以提供穩定的固定點,確保包紮帶不會鬆脫或滑動,包紮完畢可將結帶固定於肢體外側,若包紮完後患肢出現刺痛及麻木感應立即重新包紮。
護理紀錄
護理診斷的確立分為三種:
1. 健康問題:健康問題指護理對象本身的健康問題,例如:營養狀況改變/多於身體需要、活動無耐力
2. 導因或相關因素
3. 鑑定性特徵:健康反應的行為,是具體可測量的,可經過觀察發現的;其中主要鑑定性特徵是護理診斷出現就必定存在的;次要鑑定性特徵,就不是一定會出現在護理診斷裏頭。護理診斷的名稱分為三種:
1. 問題焦點性
2. 潛在危險性
3. 健康促進性
健康促進性護理診斷指護理診斷前加增進的準備度
護理診斷及其導因的書寫範例:口腔黏膜改變/因化療抵抗力低;睡眠型態紊亂/因治療造成不適。
護理診斷錯誤的注意事項:
1.診斷名稱不可為自創
2.將醫學診斷列為導因,沒有深入的探討。例如:頭痛/高血壓
3.寫成治療需要,將治療或檢查列入護理診斷中,例如情緒支持/需要會診精神科
4.寫成護理目標:像是兩個月內減重五公斤
5.定義性特徵分不清楚主要鑑定性特徵或次要性特徵
6.加入主觀的價值觀或判斷,例如病患太愛吃
7.避免可能糾紛的字眼
護理照護中,除了主觀資料病人的客觀資料,也是很重要的一個觀察指標:儀器檢查、觀察技巧
護理紀錄最理想的內容,需要涵蓋任何需要定期紀錄模式的內容、紀錄應具體陳述病人狀況,範例:左髖骨破皮傷口1cmx2cm 乾燥無滲液
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