細胞器/organelle
細胞膜/Cell membrane
細胞膜是細胞的邊界，它將細胞內的環境與外界環境隔開。
細胞膜由磷脂雙分子層組成，並鑲嵌有各種蛋白質。
The cell membrane is the boundary of the cell, separating the internal environment of the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, and is embedded with various proteins.
細胞膜具有多種功能，包括：
The cell membrane has multiple functions, including:
保護細胞免受外界環境的傷害
Protecting the cell from damage from the external environment
調節物質的進出細胞
Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell
接受外界信號
Receiving signals from the external environment
參與細胞間的通訊
Participating in cell-to-cell communication
盞醣（glycocalyx）
是細胞膜外側的多糖結構，由多種糖分子組成，包括葡萄糖、半乳糖、唾液酸等。
Glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure on the outer surface of the cell membrane, composed of various sugar molecules, including glucose, galactose, and sialic acid.
盞醣最主要的功能是進行細胞間的辨識與環境互動。它可以作為細胞識別標記，幫助細胞相互識別和結合。例如，紅血球上的血型抗原就是盞醣的一種形式，血型抗原是由不同的糖分子組成的，不同的血型對應不同的血型抗原。當不同血型的紅血球相互結合時，會發生血型不合。
盞醣也可以作為細胞與環境中的其他分子相互作用的接觸點。
The main function of glycocalyx is to facilitate cell-to-cell recognition and interaction with the environment. It can serve as a cell identification marker, helping cells to recognize and bind to each other. For example, the blood group antigens on red blood cells are a form of glycocalyx. Blood group antigens are composed of different sugar molecules, and different blood types correspond to different blood group antigens. When red blood cells of different blood types bind to each other, blood incompatibility occurs.
例如/For example：
免疫細胞上的盞醣可以與細菌表面的抗原結合，從而啟動免疫反應。
The glycocalyx on immune cells can bind to antigens on the surface of bacteria, which can trigger an immune response.
腸道上皮細胞上的盞醣可以與其他腸道上皮細胞的盞醣相互結合，從而形成緊密的黏合，防止食物中的細菌和毒素進入血液。
The glycocalyx on intestinal epithelial cells can bind to the glycocalyx of other intestinal epithelial cells, forming a tight bond that prevents bacteria and toxins in food from entering the bloodstream.
盞醣進行細胞間辨識與環境互動的能力是基於其多糖結構的複雜性和多樣性。不同的糖分子可以形成不同的結構，這些結構可以作為細胞識別標記或與環境中的其他分子相互作用的接觸點。
The ability of glycocalyx to facilitate cell-to-cell recognition and interaction with the environment is based on the complexity and diversity of its polysaccharide structure. Different sugar molecules can form different structures, which can serve as cell identification markers or points of contact for cells to interact with other molecules in the environment.
細胞核 (nucleus)
粒線體 (mitochondria)
粒線體是細胞內的一個膜性胞器，在所有細胞中都有存在，形似豆粒。
粒線體由兩層膜組成，外膜較薄，內膜較厚。內膜上有許多小摺疊，稱為基粒（cristae）。
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in all cells. They are shaped like beans and are composed of two membranes, an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded into many folds, called cristae.
粒線體由兩層膜組成，外膜較薄，內膜較厚。內膜上有許多小摺疊，稱為基粒（cristae）。
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in all cells. They are shaped like beans and are composed of two membranes, an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded into many folds, called cristae.
粒線體負責細胞的呼吸作用，粒線體是由兩層膜組成：
Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration. Mitochondria are composed of two membranes:
粒線體外膜：平滑的膜，具有較高的通透性，允許小分子物質自由出入。
Outer mitochondrial membrane: A smooth membrane with high permeability, allowing small molecules to freely enter and exit.
粒線體內膜：是一種高度皺褶的膜，通透性較低，僅允許特定的小分子物質通過。
Inner mitochondrial membrane: A highly folded membrane with low permeability, only allowing specific small molecules to pass through.
粒線體的作用/Mitochondria play a variety of roles in cells, including:
1. 基粒增加了粒線體的表面積，有利於產生ATP，粒線體利用細胞內的氧氣和葡萄糖，通過氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）反應產生ATP，所以粒線體是細胞的能量工廠，因為ATP是細胞進行所有活動所需的能量，因此粒線體在肌肉細胞中特別重要。
The cristae increase the surface area of mitochondria, which is favorable for ATP production. Mitochondria use oxygen and glucose from the cell to produce ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, mitochondria are the cell's power plants. ATP is the energy that cells need to perform all activities, so mitochondria are especially important in muscle cells.
2. 粒線體參與脂質的合成，包括膽固醇、磷脂和脂肪酸。
Mitochondria are involved in the synthesis of lipids, including cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids.
3. 調節鈣離子濃度：粒線體可以儲存鈣離子，並調節細胞內的鈣離子濃度。
Regulating calcium ion concentration: Mitochondria can store calcium ions and regulate the calcium ion concentration in the cell.
內質網(endoplasmic reticulum)
毒品-搖頭丸
毒品搖頭丸會抑制血清素之再回收、結構類似安非他命、可能引起高熱症，英文簡稱MDMA
The drug ecstasy inhibits the recycling of serotonin, has a structure similar to amphetamine, and may cause hyperthermia. It is referred to as MDMA in English.
MDMA的全名是 3,4-亞甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺（3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine），是一種合成興奮劑和迷幻劑。它通常被用作娛樂性藥物，也用於治療創傷後應激障礙（PTSD）。
MDMA, short for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is a synthetic stimulant and hallucinogen. It is commonly used as a recreational drug and is also used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
高爾基體（Golgi complex）
高爾基體（Golgi complex）負責分類、包裝並運送蛋白質與脂質
高爾基體由一系列平行的囊泡和小管組成，形似碟狀或球狀，是細胞內的一個膜性胞器，由解剖學家卡米洛·高爾基（Camillo Golgi）於1898年發現。
The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound organelle in the cell that is responsible for sorting, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids. It was discovered by the Italian anatomist Camillo Golgi in 1898. The Golgi complex is composed of a series of parallel vesicles and tubules, and it is shaped like a disk or sphere.
高爾基體的主要功能包括/The main functions of the Golgi complex include：
分類：高爾基體會根據蛋白質或脂質的不同性質，將其分類到不同的囊泡中。
Sorting: The Golgi complex sorts proteins or lipids based on their different properties into different vesicles.
包裝：高爾基體會將分類好的蛋白質或脂質包裝成囊泡，以便運送到其他細胞部位。
Packaging: The Golgi complex packages sorted proteins or lipids into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell.
運送：高爾基體會將包裝好的囊泡運送到細胞膜、細胞質或其他細胞器。
Transport: The Golgi complex transports packaged vesicles to the cell membrane, the cytoplasm, or other organelles.
溶小體 (lysosome)
溶小體是細胞內的一個膜性胞器，由單層膜組成，形似小球，內含各種消化酶、水解酶，主要負責消化細胞內蛋白質、脂質、核酸和碳水化合物以及細胞內的受損細胞和老化細胞，甚至是入侵細胞的病原體，所以在細胞的自我清潔和免疫功能中起著重要作用。
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in cells. They are composed of a single membrane and are shaped like small spheres. They contain a variety of digestive enzymes and hydrolases, which are responsible for the breakdown of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates inside the cell. Lysosomes also play a role in the removal of damaged and aging cells, and even pathogens that have invaded the cell. Therefore, they play an important role in cell self-cleaning and immune function.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in cells. They are composed of a single membrane and are shaped like small spheres. They contain a variety of digestive enzymes and hydrolases, which are responsible for the breakdown of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates inside the cell. Lysosomes also play a role in the removal of damaged and aging cells, and even pathogens that have invaded the cell. Therefore, they play an important role in cell self-cleaning and immune function.
線粒體 (mitochondrion)
葉綠體 (chloroplast)
中心體 (centrosome)
過氧化氫酶體(peroxisome)
過氧化氫酶體是細胞內的一個膜性胞器，由單層膜組成，形似小球，在所有真核細胞中都有存在。
內含過氧化氫酶（catalase）和過氧化氫歧化酶（peroxidase）。過氧化氫酶可以將過氧化氫分解為水和氧氣，過氧化氫歧化酶可以將過氧化氫分解為水和水分子，所以過氧化氫酶體主要負責分解過氧化氫（H2O2），防止細胞受到過氧化氫的傷害。
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles found in all eukaryotic cells. They are small, spherical structures surrounded by a single membrane. Peroxisomes contain catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, while peroxidase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and water molecules. Therefore, peroxisomes are primarily responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to prevent cells from being damaged by it.
細胞類型/cell type
間質細胞（mesenchymal cells）
是一種多功能的結締組織細胞，它們存在於身體的各種組織中，包括但不限於皮膚、肌肉、骨骼、軟骨和血管等。間質細胞具有分化為不同細胞類型的能力，可以產生成骨細胞、軟骨細胞、脂肪細胞等不同類型的細胞。在腸道的組織中，間質細胞通常不是主要的組成部分，腸道的主要組織成分是上皮細胞。
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